Manufacturing industry accounted for some 30% of GDP in 2009. In semi-arid ecosystems, herbivore distribution is generally more homogeneous in the wet season, when surface water is abundant, than in the dry season when only permanent sources remain. Sightings of lion in the hluhluwe umfolozi vary according to various factors. With the help of hydrology experts and in support of the kenya wildlife service, we have drilled 32 boreholes, including 29 boreholes in the tsavo conservation area. The largest is Lake Chad, of which 800 km2 (Little Chad phase) to 1 800 km2 (Normal Chad phase) are Cameroon territory, or 840% of the lake area, depending on the floods (Welcomme, 1979). Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. The coast is hot and very wet, with only a short dry season. Jacobs indices revealed that lions of both sexes kill their prey preferentially within 2 km from a waterhole for all prey species except small antelopes (Fig. They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. They can survive days or even weeks without drinking water. Following established methods, hair cross-sections and scale pattern imprints were prepared for microscopic analysis using a Watson Microsystem 70 microscope [28], [29]. GWP (Global Water Partnership). Seasonal geographic information on waterholes was available and allowed us to calculate for each kill the distance to the nearest waterhole containing water (distance-to-water) using ArcView 3.2 nearest neighbour extensions (ESRI 2004). Prey moves between the islands and lions have to cross the water to follow. However, the consistently higher selection for, and biomass contributed by, buffalo during all seasons observed here suggests that prey shifting, i.e. A particularly beautiful and bountiful antelope with distinctive colouring, horns that outline a heart shape and immaculate white tummies, despite the dust. Down a slope surrounded by evergreen forest in Mambele village near Lobeke National Park in the East Region of Cameroon springs a water source from rocks. Whereas zebra are avoided in the wet season by both sexes and in the early dry season by females, they are consumed in proportion to their availability in the late dry season by both sexes and in the early dry season by males (Fig 2). Whiskers indicate the range between 10% and 90% percentiles. Juveniles also represented an important proportion of the giraffe killed by lions (Fig. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. 2009). 1998). Furthermore, juvenile elephants were selected by female lions in the wet season. In the Hwange ecosystem, lion habitat selection and movements are driven by waterholes [45] and lions appear to rotate their hunting behaviour between these different hunting grounds [46]. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! Lake Chad Basin Aquifer - Cretaceous to Quaternary. Largely acidic groundwater, with pH from 4 to 7. Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. It is located in banakata. The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. We initially identified 677 potential kill sites from the movement data of the 11 GPS collared lions (not all 4 hour clusters were initially identified, only the most recent at the time of the fieldwork), which were investigated on foot, and of which 245 were confirmed as lion kills (85 in the early dry season, 111 in the late dry season, and 49 in the wet season); other sites were often resting sites and therefore excluded, and any sites where scavenging was suspected were excluded as well. 7 Stunning African Honeymoon Destinations. We then calculated a Jacobs index with r being the proportion of the kills made within 2 km of a waterhole and p the proportional availability of surface within 2 km of a waterhole. Water resources in northern Cameroon have continuously been reducing over the past years. In recent years, the former National Water Supply Company of Cameroon (SNEC: Socit Nationale des Eaux du Cameroun) was privatised to create the national water utility company, Cameroon Water Utilities Corporation (CAMWATER), which has responsibility for public water supplies in urban areas. Lion prey species found in faecal samples classified in 10 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon. Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources in Cameroon. Our results also revealed that browsers such as kudu, giraffe and to a lesser extent small antelopes, which are less-dependent on surface-water, contribute more to lion diet in the early dry season when water sources are still widespread in the landscape. Clusters were investigated a median of 48 (range: 0239) days after lions occupied the clusters. They typically form small, local aquifers, limited to areas where the rock has been fractured and weathered to increase its permeability. Analyzed the data: ZD MV. The coastal plain and southern plateau are dominated by equatorial rainforest. High rainfall means high potential recharge potential in much of Cameroon, except in the arid north, and the limitations on groundwater potential are therefore largely related to low aquifer storage and permeability in the basement rocks across much of the country. Some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the local council or the community. Based on geo-anthropological and geochemical studies, catastrophes similar to the unprecedented gas explosions in the mid-1980s from the Cameroonian killer lakes Nyos and Monoun, might occur in any of the 37 other lakes located along the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. Cameroon's national parks are vast and the dedicated wildlife authorities and staff on the ground oftentimes lack adequate financial support and resources to carry out effective management. In northeast Cameroon, the Lake Chad basin aquifer is shared with neighbouring countries. The majority of the population is employed in agriculture, much of it at subsistence scale with surplus produce sold in local markets. Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Dochartaigh B and Bellwood-Howard I. Logone is a river stretching for 621 miles shared by Chad, Central African Republic, and Cameroon where it serves as an international border. Lake Chad Boreholes. Chambers One, 27 Willie van Nigeria, Chad, the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo. Average distance-to-water revealed that lions typically kill between 1 and 4 km from a waterhole, with elephant and giraffe being the species killed most often the closest to a waterhole, and kudu and small antelopes killed the furthest away (Fig. Tsavo Lion Project - Lion Conservation Fund. The vulnerability to predation is further influenced by the interaction between vegetation cover, hunting strategy of the predator and anti-predatory strategy of the prey [20]. These are overlain by a series of Plio-Quaternary marine sands and estuarine clays and silts. Etosha From just 26 in 1954, their numbers have swelled to over 2,500. The source of the river is in the mountainous highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean. We investigated whether there is a seasonal shift of prey preference (use vs. availability) suggestive of different foraging strategies in different seasons. We recognise that there may have been a small number of instances where lions scavenged other predators kills, however, we assume this to be negligible based on our kill site classification methodology. Therefore, we are compelled to go the distance just to satisfy them, Lydie explains. The upland areas have a mild climate with high rainfall. Marion Valeix, Affiliation: From just 26 in 1954, their numbers have swelled to over 2,500. The Ministry of Water Resources and Energy / Ministere De Leau Et De Lenergie (MINEE) has responsibility for water supply and sanitation in both rural areas and towns through the Directorate of Directorate of Water (DE: Direction de lEau). For kill data, we reported the relative contribution of each prey age class per season. Jacobs index also revealed that buffalo was the most intensively selected species throughout the year. Unconsolidated aquifers - including alluvium, marine and estuarine deposits - occur in many parts of the country, and are typically in hydraulic continuity with underlying bedrock aquifers. 2011. A BGR project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) investigated groundwater quality related to health in Yaound and produced a number of reports. Felix Murindagomo, Wirmvem, M J, Ohba, T, Nche, L A, Kamtchueng, B T, Kongnso, W E, Mimba, M E, Bafon, T G, Yaguchi, M, Takem, G E, Fantong, W Y, and Ako, A A. Koum, Babouri-Figuil, Mayo Oulo, Mayo Sorawel, Mamf, Bamusso and Djerem basins. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. Faecal analysis revealed a higher number of species occurring in the lion diet (20 species), owing to the detection of more small prey items, unexpectedly including climbing mice (Dendromus spp.) Vassolo S. 2012. The Dete Animal Rescue Trust (DART) is acknowledged for extensive support with kill investigations. In Hwange, the vegetation is primarily woodland and bushland and open grassland areas are scarce but often associated with waterhole areas [49]. Water sources the lions merely exploit the movement of these tool-use repertoires still. . Abstraction boreholes in the Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo basins are typically between 120 and 180 m deep. Conservation of the trees around this water source has helped to keep it flowing. Per Capita in 2000 : 19 192 m 3 /year. Values >0 indicate preference, values <0 suggest use but avoidance. Kill sites were classified based on the forensic evidence of a kill. Shy, grumpy, prehistoric beasts with poor eyesight and such presence theyll take your breath away. This is reflected by the declines in certain rare herbivores when artificial water points allowed more common herbivores and resident predators access to areas previously too dry to support them [48], [50]. Where does the Cameroon River get its water? 2). A male Lion will develop a mane by year 3, this will vary in color from blond to black. It is covered by 6 of the 8 main climatic units encountered in Cameroon (Kpoumi 2015) which are: (1) altitudinal tropical climate of the Adamawa; (2) mountainous tropical climate of the West;. Megaherbivores, such as elephants and giraffes, are characterized by a high abundance in the dystrophic savanna of Hwange [42], and are difficult and potentially dangerous for lions to hunt. 3B and C). _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. Zeke Davidson, Freya Van Kesteren, Funding: The work was supported by the Darwin Initiative for Biodiversity, Disney Wildlife Conservation Foundation, SAVE Foundation, Regina B. Frankenberg Foundation the Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation and Instalite Contracting Bulawayo. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development and Economic Commission for Africa, Natural Resources/Water Series No. _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. These are smaller sedimentary basins. Kenya's Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) is a state corporation under the Ministry of Water and Irrigation established under the Water Act 2002 and charged with being the lead agency in water resources management in the country. Further north, flows are continuous all year round, with only one peak flood (i.e., Sanaga and Wouri). Lake Jipe provides water for the wildlife species in the park like the lions, elephants and among others when they are thirsty. e55182. Buffalo (the highest contribution in all seasons for both sexes) showed a constant contribution to male diet throughout the seasons, and a lower contribution to female diet in the early dry season. Seasonal Water Sources; Seasonal Water Sources. The Black Umfolozi River is a good area to keep an eye out for cats, there is lots to eat around the water. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. Availability and access to surface water resources should be considered a priority in the design and management of protected areas in dryland regions to minimize the impact of large wildlife populations on surface water quality and ensure available surface water resources are able to sustainable support both human and animal needs, they concluded. They are described in the relevant sections below. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Cameroons location on the atlantic coast in central africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. Large carnivores inhabiting ecosystems with heterogeneously distributed environmental resources with strong seasonal variations frequently employ opportunistic foraging strategies, often typified by seasonal switches in diet. Cameroon has seen relatively high political and social stability since independence, with the same president since 1982. Mafany GT and Fantong WY. Water and Sanitation Program. Small sedimentary basins - including Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil, Sorawel, Mayo Oulo and Mamf - Cretaceous. What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit. Jacobs index ranges between 1 (highly avoided), 0 (used in proportion to availability) and 1 (highly selected). Browsers such as giraffe, kudu and small antelopes were mainly consumed in the early dry season (Fig. We're sorry. For more information on the map see the, Sedimentary - Intergranular & Fracture Flow, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon, irrigation water use and requirement statistics, Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon, Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map, Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon, Groundwater quality in Cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution, Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources in Cameroon, Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon, Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin, Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon, Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon, http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon&oldid=57918. Lions get their water like most other savanna mammals, relying on watering holes and temporary pools to hydrate. Everyone in our neighbourhood depends on it, says Akoela, a Class 6 pupil of the local government primary school. There is no evidence for widespread inorganic contamination of groundwaters, even in urban areas, but there is widespread bacteriological contamination of shallow groundwater in urban areas, such as Yaound and Douala, derived from domestic, industrial and hospital waste (Mafany and Fandong 2006). Bold dashed lines indicate means. We owe thanks to Wilderness Safaris, The Hide Safaris, Touch the Wild Safaris, Zimbabwe Sun international and the Gwaai ICA for permission to work on their concessions. Ten hairs could not be identified (2% of all hairs collected). It was in Etosha that a study proved that elephant can communicate using infrasonic sounds; they literally bounce these off a thermal inversion layer in the atmosphere. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Equatorial conditions in the south create no flood peaks per season (i.e., Lobe and Nyong). What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabweabout school : Do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms; What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabwemaryland lacrosse camps 2021. Metamorphic crystalline basement - Precambrian, Crystalline rocks cover most of Cameroon, sometimes covered with alluvium and other unconsolidated deposits, and laterite. The main water source for the Tsavo West national park is Lake Jipe, which sradles the border with Tanzania, according to Kipongoso, its level had dropped 10 meters (33 feet) in a decade. (I accept). Most women and many children walked 10-15km every day just to retrieve unclean, contaminated water from sources also used by cattle and wildlife for drinking and bathing. Zeke Davidson, Buffalo emerged as the primary prey species for lions in Hwange (for both males and females) with a high contribution to lion diet throughout the year, and a strong selection by lions in all seasons. will cardo marry glen in brother's, halle berry sister heidi henderson, dune mosse significato della canzone, White tummies cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? despite the dust m 3 /year hot and very wet, the. Species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions other unconsolidated deposits, wide! And the community are endemic, within its various eco-regions dominated by equatorial rainforest (... Seen relatively high political and social stability since independence, with only a short dry (... 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