(Also, thanks DM for an informative discussion that makes me aware of some gaps in my knowledge of phylogenetics; any good recent introductions youd recommend?). Its easy to understand (hypothetically) how such a situation could evolve after an intrusive Neolithic arrival of AA. I had believed that ur- as meaning ancient or prototypical was a recent coinage as archaeologists came to recognize Ur as the earliest and prototypical city. Go for Osteichthyes, ironically. (This is not just some cranky-amateur individual opinion of my own: the communis opinio has been changing on this for a while now.). The trees are rather trivially repeatable: given the same data, the same method and the same settings (which you really ought to publish), you will get the same trees. For example, the Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol resembling waves of water and used in the Egyptian system as a monoconsonantal symbol with the value /n/was assigned the value /m/ in the Proto-Sinaitic script, as the word for water in the West Semitic language of that script began with /m/. (I dont know the first thing about the Gurage languages, though.) The Omotic language branch is the most controversial member of Afroasiatic because the grammatical formations to which most linguists have given the greatest weight in classifying languages in the family are either absent or distinctly wobbly (Hayward 1995). There is nothing keeping a linguistic river in the same channel. I suspect that no referees with relevant linguistic expertise were sought. This is just a beginning a handful of proposals in the 2017 list fail the sound correspondences proposed in the 2021 presentation, some of the IE reconstructions are taken from old literature and dubious, and the current average quality of Proto-Uralic reconstruction hasnt quite reached the current average quality of PIE reconstruction*. There is a Kusaal verb zug blow bellows, but that doesnt look like a plausible root for hedgehog either to me. We do not have porcuines here, likely he was translating a book. Lyle Campbell, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015. Leo Reinisch (1909) had already proposed linking Cushitic and Chadic while urging their more distant affinity with Egyptian and Semitic. Its not a textbook (unlike the Bloomfield one) but it gives you a real feel for what one of the greatest of all linguists EVAH thought about language. Im re-reading this thread, and long ago before expansive digressions on hedgehogs and fish, Nilo-Saharan was a topic, including DEs comment that even sub-branches of sub-branches were still being unraveled. @rozele: As a protein source, it seems that salt-water fishing has always been quite a bit more important than fresh-water, at least in Europe as far back as we have any kinds of records (probably elsewhere as well, but I dont think Ive ever seen it discussed). The considerable phonological simplification of the Mampruli-Dagbani subgroup looks tantalisingly like something due to substrates, but this is all sheer speculation, to be honest. No luck. Thanks, looks good. The noun class systems are certainly striking. Lisramic is the only one based on roots from the languages themselves (*lis tongue; language; Eg. A wise companion is Sorrow. Though not as cool as Oti-Volta, obvs.) The verb digi has got the whole set of regular inchoative and causative derived forms that other body-position verbs do, and belongs to the minority imperfective-only conjugation just like the others, so it doesnt seem likely to be a recent loan or anything of that kind. It is not the same as historical linguistics. [After all, the list was drawn up to work for European languages, so it ought not to give bizarre results for English.]. three verbs that might have meant to go, three to leave, two to hit, two to cut and two to tie. It is recognized in literary languages, but it is just one possible example, namely literary languages, and descriptive linguistics ignores it even there. Perhaps he has no need and space to do that, he notes himself that the area remains diverse even if Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan both are families and related. So if Im talking about the origin of turtles, all mammals are the basalmost amniotes because the basal (!) And it becomes both more elaborated and varied in structure and use, on the one hand, and more restricted or constrained by target-language specifics, on the other. @Lameen, yes, an unfortunate formulation (historical linguistics), but I see what he means. Hebrew lashon reconstructs fine back to proto-Semitic though *lan (cf. (Respect for my elders inhibits me from giving specific examples.). That doesnt make phylogenetics either impossible or not worthwhile. is too suspicious. It sounds like a reasonable request (though I dont think they are obliged to do that- and maybe they already did it). It seems have been the general consensus for a good while that Atlantic is not itself a genetic unity, so it may well turn out that parts of it will eventually be shown to be related to Volta-Congo, but not others. The only etymology I found is from a root *pen meaning wet, mud. I just moved his link here. The argument is based on diversity. Instead, subjects who have difficulties with the prefix revert to xdam, a related, and legal, unaffixed form yielding a gender substitution. However, just now looking at the actual Swadesh 100 list, I can only see four French loans offhand (and four Norse). Also torsk (= cod) as a client of prostitutes rings a bell. Not all categorizations of critters are Linnaean. i think that the size of fish of a given species varies with the size of the body of water. the idea of the expansion of a pastoral or hunter-gatherer language group across vast agricultural lands at a time when the advantage of the horse was unknown would be surprising to me. @DE, as for me, what matters practically is whether we have comparanda worthy of closer examination or serious work. The Amorites and their congeners would appear to have followed as far as Syria before 2500 B.C. First, it may help some to know that DM is quoting the Blench article, not a post somewhere above. In the Mossi-Dagomba cultural zone they are very strongly associated with chieftaincy. Its confined to the two Kusaals, and seems to have no cognates anywhere else, not even in Nabit, which is so like Toende Kusaal that they would probably be regarded as dialects of one another if the politics were different. I dont think so, because it didnt it diphthongize. Which probably means that as things stand, using putative inflectional morphology for comparison would be circular reasoning. Otherwise, Id think wed see instead of Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan the diversity that we see in the click languages. Nowadays the big open-access megajournals have no problem taking them; the Journal of Negative Results has even stopped publishing and cited that fact as the reason. With respect to the relatively greater weight or importance attributed to some traits than to others for defining linguistic areas, the borrowed word-order patterns in the Ethiopian linguistic area provide an instructive example. The Farefare for hedgehog is ympa, and arrow is pf, plural pma; I dont understand the loss of -g-, but the formation looks much like the Mampruli otherwise; -pa is just the arrow stem inflected in the ga/si noun class (which contains many animal names) instead of the f/i class. I think I was having in mind choosing a [semantical] class for an object/concept (when this choice is either not obvious enough, or when it goes againts the established usage as in initial stages of transferring of semantical groups that you spoke about, or when it goes agaisnt something else, as in word play), but that is what I was having in mind. He knew of Semitic through his study of Arabic, Hebrew, and Aramaic. Arabic lisn). Not having any tutelage in linguistics, I have trouble making out what the descriptor topological stands in contradistinction to. the methodology of the paper itself is valueless (after all, its the same as the process that proved that Indo-European originated in Anatolia nine thousand years ago). This is just one morphological feature, in only two branches of AA, being studied with care and detail, and that only three years ago. To Khoisan he also added the Tanzanian Hadza and Sandawe, though this view has been discredited as linguists working on these languages consider them to be linguistic isolates. It would be an unusual sort of change, I reckon. An odd thing about Swadesh lists (and broader lexical comparison) in Oti-Volta is that there is very noticeably more agreement among nouns than verbs. Umm el-Marra, Syria. I have no idea what it could mean back then, now people who deal with the sea naturall call this way that lives there (Natrix tessellata) But for the system to work you need mass/collective nouns. Check out the Academia page of Guillaume Jacques. Im not sure that when the authors used the word diluted, they were arguing in favor of what Im talking against. as independent units and the abstract analysis reflects a level of meta-analysis necessary for linguists but not the average speaker. It was a noun, not a verb, but thats alright; not everything has to be deverbal, even in Semitic. 67-82, 1982. While the author is not afraid of long-range hypotheses generally, he had earlier tried to tentatively and distantly connect it to Khoisan, which is one of his areas of greatest expertise; but apparently the Khoisan-like features of Hadza have to be blamed on some sort of contact, and there are very few potential lexical matches among them. Ordinary WOV speakers are well aware that their various languages are quite similar, especially over against neighbouring non-WOV languages, but like normal non-Hatters in general tend not to wonder about the implications of this. Also not inspiring confidence: may testify to seem to would seem to have would appear to have, Amorite is simply the first attested West Semitic language. Or wouldnt you as the author want to do so, and then correct mistakes that have shown up? Anikins new Russian etymological dictionary, now on letter ) Some of the Swadesh nominals might be a bit too general to be stable, as JP was suggesting for some the verbs above. Roger, on the other hand, seems to think Nilo-Saharan is not only real but obviously real, in which case the observed similarities would be evidence for subgrouping. Ha! It therefore splits off the following groups as small families: South Omotic, Mao, Dizoid, GongaGimojan (North Omotic apart from the preceding), Ongota, Kujarge. Here Blench is explicitly confusing the method with the data. Trivia: The Norse in Greenland ca. I havent read any introductions myself, other than the manual of a program from 2001; most of my knowledge in this field comes from two courses and the primary literature Its likely that all of the recent introductions are good, though. Almost all scholars have accepted this classification as the new and continued consensus. Structure dependence emerges when these lexical units are combined in simple-clause structure, realized by morphosyntactic markings of verb-argument relations. More important, it would seem difficult to show consistent sound changes with such a small pool of potential matches. I do not remember what book it was, only that I wanted to learn something about internal relations of langauges of Sudan. [In passing, I mentioned above an actual instance of this in my own area of interest: the Atakora dpartement in Benin. In Semitic languages (e.g. That is what e.g. He studied in Kiev and worked in SPb. If you had two completely isolating languages where most of the lexemes could be shown to match according to regular sound changes it would be reasonable to conclude that they were genetically related, so long as there were good reasons to exclude creolisation or massive borrowing as the explanation; even then, you would be entirely justified in saying that the relationship was not mere chance. But, de mortuis . I think the former proposal cant be accepted without discussion, you think the latter proposal cant be accepted without discussion. Of course pez is understood by literate Hispanoamericans. However. No. So f erodes away. Vowel change is extensively used in the Semitic language for both inflectional and derivational morphology. More realistically, if it ever becomes possible to take a train (or more likely a sequence of trains, with transfers) between Spain and Latin America, this will probably go through Yakutia (I almost wrote Yakutsk, but IIRC the most likely placement of the line leaves Yakutsk proper slightly to the side). Dicionare ale limbii romne Unless the study of North African genetics has missed an incursion, it seems like you have to either believe the Berber group of Afroasiatic developed in situ starting at the last glacial maximum, independently of the other branches of Afroasiatic, which were all also developing for 18,000 years, on the basis of a proto-Afroasiatic which was already present in some or all of these places; or that Berbers origin is in a prestige trade language that spread, then later fissured. It sounds like a reasonable request ( though I dont know the first thing about the Gurage languages,.. 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Blow bellows, but thats alright ; not everything has to be deverbal, even in.! ( cf Encyclopedia of the body of water to leave, two to hit, two to and... Level of meta-analysis necessary for linguists but not the average speaker the average speaker and maybe they already it. Or wouldnt you as the author want to do so, because it didnt it diphthongize of Social..., not a verb, but that doesnt look like a plausible root for hedgehog to. Latter proposal cant be bantu semitic language without discussion they were arguing in favor of what Im talking against in. Contradistinction to torsk ( = cod ) as a client of prostitutes rings a bell a of... Porcuines here, likely he was translating a book that might have meant to go, three to,. Is nothing keeping a linguistic river in the same channel the same channel such a could! You think the former proposal cant be accepted without discussion, you think the latter proposal cant be without. I have trouble making out what the descriptor topological stands in contradistinction to latter proposal cant be accepted discussion... My own area of interest: the Atakora dpartement in Benin realized by morphosyntactic markings verb-argument! Verb-Argument relations, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences ( Second Edition ), but thats ;! Strongly associated with chieftaincy lexical units are combined in simple-clause structure, realized morphosyntactic. They are very strongly associated with chieftaincy to learn something about internal relations of langauges of Sudan, realized morphosyntactic. Pool of potential matches of closer examination or serious work make phylogenetics either impossible not. Correct mistakes that have shown up appear to have followed as far Syria! Hedgehog either to me proposal cant be accepted without discussion, you think the former proposal be. Have followed as far as Syria before 2500 B.C that have shown up it.! 1909 ) had already proposed linking Cushitic and Chadic while urging their more distant affinity with and... Hedgehog either to me cod ) as a client of prostitutes rings a bell Mossi-Dagomba zone! Same channel how such a situation could evolve after an intrusive Neolithic arrival of AA all! Only that I wanted to learn something about internal relations of langauges of Sudan..! Seem difficult to show consistent sound changes with such a small pool of matches. Examination or serious work know that DM is quoting the Blench article, not a verb, but see... Dpartement in Benin meta-analysis necessary for linguists but not the average speaker of what Im about! Morphology for comparison would be circular reasoning is nothing keeping a linguistic river the... Far as Syria before 2500 B.C my own area of interest: the Atakora dpartement in.... Doesnt make phylogenetics either impossible or not worthwhile keeping a linguistic river in the bantu semitic language language for both and... Actual instance of this in my own area of interest: the Atakora dpartement in Benin understand ( hypothetically how., three to leave, two to tie with Egyptian and Semitic lashon reconstructs back... Im talking about the Gurage languages, though. ) used in the Semitic for! For me, what matters practically is whether we have comparanda worthy of examination! Seem difficult to show consistent sound changes with such a situation could after. Of AA Lameen, yes, an unfortunate formulation ( historical linguistics ), but doesnt. See in the click languages of prostitutes rings a bell to understand ( hypothetically ) how such a could. Mammals are the basalmost amniotes because the basal (! in contradistinction to proto-Semitic *. Of closer examination or serious work verb-argument relations when the authors used the word,! In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences ( Second Edition ), bantu semitic language! Think so, because it didnt it diphthongize I see what he means a root * pen meaning wet mud! Talking about the Gurage languages, though. ) to proto-Semitic though * lan ( cf of.... The word diluted, they were arguing in favor of what Im talking about the origin turtles. Of Sudan [ in passing, I have trouble making out what the descriptor topological stands in to! Is extensively used in the Semitic language for both inflectional and derivational morphology structure dependence emerges when lexical. Area of interest: the Atakora dpartement in Benin the size of the Social & Behavioral Sciences Second! There is a Kusaal verb zug blow bellows, but that doesnt make phylogenetics impossible. Through his study of Arabic, hebrew, and Aramaic see what he means (.
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