The Persian Empire emerged under the leadership of Cyrus II, who conquered the neighboring Median Empire ruled by his grandfather. Medieval Islamic period" in, Mikheil Svanidze, "The Amasya Peace Treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Iran (June 1, 1555) and Georgia,", Max Scherberger, The Confrontation between Sunni and Shii Empires: Ottoman-Safavid Relations between the Fourteenth and the Seventeenth Centuries in. After the Peace of Amasya, Tasmsp underwent what he called a "sincere repentance." Poetry lacked the royal patronage of other arts and was hemmed in by religious prescriptions. As well as wrestling, what gathered the masses was fencing, tightrope dancers, puppet-players and acrobats, performing in large squares, such as the Royal square. He was a disciple of the famed Sufi Grand Master Sheikh Zahed Gilani (12161301) of Lahijan. Founded by Shah Ismail in the early 1500s, the Safavid dynasty broke with the Sunni Muslims, declared independence and enforced Shiite Islam as their state religion. According to Encyclopdia Iranica, his father and founder of the Empire, Ismail I, had begun this process on a bureaucratic level as he appointed a number of prominent Persians in powerful bureaucratic positions, and one can see this continued in Tahmsps lengthy and close relationship with the chief vizier, Qi Jahn of Qazvin, after 1535. Later that year, when the shah summoned them to join him on a hunting expedition in Mazandaran, they didn't show up due to the fear they would be either imprisoned or killed. The Spanish demanded Abbas break off relations with the English before they would consider relinquishing the town. Blow, David. In May 1501, Ismail I declared Tabriz his capital and himself Shah of Azerbaijan. Since the earliest days of the Safavid dynasty, the Qizilbash generals had been appointed to most of these posts. After reforming the political structure so that he held absolute power, Shah Abbas I was revered for his ability to lift the Safavids from the chaos that arose following his . The epic called the Shahnameh (Book of Kings), a stellar example of manuscript illumination and calligraphy, was made during Shah Tahmasp's reign. However, a mutiny among his officers who refused to spend the winter at Tabriz forced him to withdraw across territory laid waste by the Safavid forces, eight days later". The carpets of Ardebil were commissioned to commemorate the Safavid dynasty. A Study of the Migration of Shii Works from Arab Regions to Iran at the Early Safavid Era. The Sunni Ulema or clergy were either killed or exiled[citation needed]. The vizier thought that the royal forces failed to prosecute the siege sufficiently and accused the forces of sedition. [3] The paternal line of the dynasty's heritage was mainly thought to be Persian,[4] starting with the Persian mystic Sheikh Safi al-Din Is'hq Ardabeli, who himself claimed descent from Firz Shh Zarrnkoll, a local ruler in Persian Kurdistan. [48] His background is disputed: the language he used is not identical with that of his "race" or "nationality" and he was bilingual from birth. Shah Abbas, who significantly enlargened and completed this program and under whom the creation of this new layer in society may be mentioned as fully "finalized", completed the ghulam system as well. . They particularly established monopoly of the spice and porcelain trade between the Far East and Iran. [209], In the period prior to Shah Abbas I, most of the land was assigned to officials (civil, military and religious). Savory, Roger: Iran under the Safavids, pp. (ed.). Although in those campaigns (and in 1554) the Ottomans captured Tabriz, they lacked a communications line sufficient to occupy it for long. In August 1514 Isml was seriously defeated at Chldirn by his Sunni rival, the Ottoman sultan Selim I. They were able to summon for a divorce and were given a lot more trust and respect than usual. Although the expedition never managed to return to Iran, being shipwrecked on the journey around Africa, it marked an important new step in contacts between Iran and Europe. [69], The Uzbeks, during the reign of Tahmsp, attacked the eastern provinces of the kingdom five times, and the Ottomans under Soleymn I invaded Iran four times. The dependence of Abbas on the Qizilbash (which provided the only military force) was further reinforced by the precarious situation of the empire, in the vice of Ottoman and Uzbek territorial plunder. Majlisi's works emphasized his desire to purge Twelver Shiism of the influences of mysticism and philosophy, and to propagate an ideal of strict adherence to the Islamic law (sharia). Ismil was known as a brave and charismatic youth, zealous with regards to his faith in Sha Islam, and believed himself to be of divine descentpractically worshipped by his Qizilbash followers. Abbas's tolerance towards Christians was part of his policy of establishing diplomatic links with European powers to try to enlist their help in the fight against their common enemy, the Ottoman Empire. The language chiefly used by the Safavid court and military establishment was Azerbaijani. Shah Abbas ordered a general massacre in Beradost and Mukriyan (Mahabad) (Reported by Eskandar Beg Monshi, Safavid Historian, 1557-1642, in the Book "Alam Ara Abbasi") and resettled the Turkish Afshar tribe in the region while deporting many Kurdish tribes to Khorasan. It was perhaps to perpetuate the distinction of Persian from Arabic culture that attracted the Iranians towards Shi'a Islamthe heartland and sacred sites of Sunni Islam would always be in the Arabian peninsula. [78][79] After Humayun converted to Shii Islam (under extreme duress),[78] Tahmsp offered him military assistance to regain his territories in return for Kandahar, which controlled the overland trade route between central Iran and the Ganges. Who were Safavids? It continued until the end of the Qajar reign.[236]. The Safiviyeh came to be led by a fifteen-year old, Ismail I. They in turn would be replaced by the Shamlu, whose amir, Husain Khan, became the chief adviser. Other exports were horses, goat hair, pearls, and an inedible bitter almond hadam-talka used as a specie in India. Despite falling revenues and military threats, later shahs were said to have had lavish lifestyles. One of Tahmsp's sisters married a Circassian, who would use his court office to team up with Tahmsp's daughter, Pari Khn Khnum to assert themselves in succession matters after Tahmsp's death. Safavid Empire c. 1630. [197] In time, this proved to become a burden to the people that were under the direct rule of the Shah, as these commissioners, unlike the former governors, had little knowledge about the local communities that they controlled and were primarily interested in increasing the income of the Shah. The Safavids were members of a Sufi tariqa (path of spiritual journey) founded in the 7th/ 13th century by Shaykh Safi al-Din Ardabili. After the death of Haydar, the Safaviyya gathered around his son Ali Mirza Safavi, who was also pursued and subsequently killed by Ya'qub. They were of Kurdish Persian decent with unique customs. Expert Answers. In earlier times, the Shah had been closely involved in judicial proceedings, but this part of the royal duty was neglected by Shah Safi and the later kings. [214] According to Chardin, they were also more abundant than in the Mughal or Ottoman Empires, where they were less frequent but larger. [139], More came of Abbas's contacts with the English, although England had little interest in fighting against the Ottomans. Due to the great spiritual charisma of Safi al-Din, the order was later known as the Safaviyya. All other religions, and forms of Islam were suppressed. The Qizilbash tribes were essential to the military of Iran until the rule of Shah Abbas I- their leaders were able to exercise enormous influence and participate in court intrigues (assassinating Shah Ismail II for example). [57], Although Ismil I initially gained mastery over Azerbaijan alone, the Safavids ultimately won the struggle for power over all of Iran, which had been going on for nearly a century between various dynasties and political forces. From then on Cyrus was called the " shah ," or king, of Persia. These cities were later inherited by his Abdali Afghan military commander, Ahmad Shah Durrani, who would go on to found the Durrani Empire in 1747. [129], In 160910, a war broke out between Kurdish tribes and the Safavid Empire. In response, a Ghilzai Afghan chieftain named Mirwais Hotak revolted and killed Gurgin Khan, the Safavid governor of the region, along with his army. The Safavids' archrivals, the neighbouring Ottomans, invaded western and northwestern Safavid Iran and took swaths of territory there, including the city of Baghdad. The tribal Afghans rode roughshod over their conquered territory for seven years but were prevented from making further gains by Nader Shah, a former slave who had risen to military leadership within the Afshar tribe in Khorasan, a vassal state of the Safavids. They often dyed their feet and hands with henna. Increased contact with distant cultures in the 17th century, especially Europe, provided a boost of inspiration to Iranian artists who adopted modeling, foreshortening, spatial recession, and the medium of oil painting (Shah Abbas II sent Muhammad Zaman to study in Rome). "These legendary characters are often represented on textiles in contemporary Safavid dress, with men sporting turbans wound around a central oblong baton (taj haydari) (52.20.11). Tobacco grew all over the country and was as strong as that grown in Brazil. Despite the reforms, the Qizilbash would remain the strongest and most effective element within the military, accounting for more than half of its total strength. The main imports were spice, textiles (woolens from Europe, cottons from Gujarat), metals, coffee, and sugar. [190], As for the royal household, the highest post was that of the Nazir, Court Minister. Except for Shah Abbas II, the Safavid rulers after Abbas I were largely ineffectual. When he died on 19 January 1629, he had no son capable of succeeding him.[142]. Iranian rule had been fully restored over eastern Georgia, but the Georgian territories would continue to produce resistance to Safavid enroachments from 1624 until Abbas' death. As Vladimir Minorsky put it, friction between these two groups was inevitable, because the Qezelbash "were no party to the national Persian tradition." The Safavids were defeated and, as the Ottoman force moved on Tabriz, engaged in scorched-earth combat. [167][failed verification].mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}, Shah Tahmasp introduced a change to this, when he, and the other Safavid rulers who succeeded him, sought to blur the formerly defined lines between the two linguistic groups, by taking the sons of Turkic-speaking officers into the royal household for their education in the Persian language. [121] Moreover, he planned to deport all nobles of Kartli. As a result of the Mongol conquest and the relative religious tolerance of the Ilkhanids, Shii dynasties were re-established in Iran, Sarbedaran in Khorasan being the most important. Sons of nobles were considered for the succession of their fathers as a mark of respect, but they had to prove themselves worthy of the position. The Mughal Empire had a well trained army but was defeated. Blow, D.; Shah Abbas: The ruthless king who became an Iranian legend; p. 211. The Mughals adhered (for the most part) to a tolerant Sunni Islam while ruling a largely Hindu population. [102] More seriously the Ottomans ended the Peace of Amasya and commenced a war with Iran that would last until 1590 by invading Iran's territories of Georgia and Shirvan. [148], The Dutch and English were still able to drain the Iranian government of much of its precious metal supplies. During the Safavid period Azerbaijani Turkish, or, as it was also referred to at that time, Qizilbash Turkish, occupied an important place in society, and it was spoken both atcourt and by the common people. In a number of ways the Safavids affected the development of the modern Iranian state: first, they ensured the continuance of various ancient and traditional Persian institutions, and transmitted these in a strengthened, or more 'national', form; second, by imposing Ithna 'Ashari Shi'a Islam on Iran as the official religion of the Safavid state, they enhanced the power of mujtahids. This was the beginning of the East India Company's long-running interest in Iran. Source for information on Portuguese Empire: Gale Encyclopedia of World History: Governments dictionary. All other religions, and forms of Islam were suppressed. Thus Abbas was able to break dependence on the Qizilbash for military might indefinitely, and therefore was able to fully centralize control for the first time since the foundation of the Safavid state. Ismil's decisive victory over the Uzbeks, who had occupied most of Khorasan, ensured Iran's eastern borders, and the Uzbeks never since expanded beyond the Hindukush. -Shah Abbas made the empire a monarchy, a huge step toward modernization. ThoughtCo, Aug. 25, 2020, thoughtco.com/what-was-the-safavid-empire-195397. They are present on the level ground, and a small drum is always playing during the contest for excitement. He expanded commercial links with the English East India Company and the Dutch East India Company. Safavid Empire Islamic Medicine John Hunter Louis Pasteur Germ Theory Lung Cancer Mass Vaccination Medicine on the Western Front Medieval Surgery Modern Medicine Public Health Acts Public Health in Early Modern Britain The Black Death The Pharmaceutical Industry Theory of the Four Humours Welfare Reforms Spread of Islam Abd al-Malik Abu Bakr The Safavids were descended from Sheikh af al-Dn (12531334) of Ardabl, head of the Sufi order of afaviyyeh (afawiyyah). A separate official, the Commander-in-Chief, was appointed to be the head of these officials. On Tahmsps death support for a successor coalesced around two of his nine sons; the support divided on ethnic linesIsmail was supported by most of the Turkmen tribes as well as his sister Pari Khn Khnum, her Circassian uncle Shamkhal Sultan as well as the rest of the Circassians, while Haydar was mostly supported by the Georgians at court although he also had support from the Turkmen Ustajlu. It ruled over Persia, today known as Iran for many years from 1501 to 1736. The Persians schools of thought were the true heirs of the great Islamic thinkers of the golden age of Islam, whereas in the Ottoman empire there was an intellectual stagnation, as far as the traditions of Islamic philosophy were concerned. Map Code: Ax01488. One of the Shirley brothers, Robert Shirley, would lead Abbas's second diplomatic mission to Europe from 1609 to 1615. [228], By the end of the 17th century, the Dutch had become dominant in the trade that went via the Persian Gulf, having won most trade agreements, and managed to strike deals before the British or French were able to. This clearly differentiated Iran from the Ottomans, who were Sunnis. Safavid dynasty, (15011736), ruling dynasty of Iran whose establishment of Twelver Shiism as the state religion of Iran was a major factor in the emergence of a unified national consciousness among the various ethnic and linguistic elements of the country. "afavid Dynasty". The arguably most renowned historian from this time was Iskandar Beg Munshi. [133] Abbas's attitude, however, was in marked contrast to that of his grandfather, Tahmasp I, who had expelled the English traveller Anthony Jenkinson from his court on hearing he was a Christian. The highest level in the legal system was the Minister of Justice, and the law officers were divided into senior appointments, such as the magistrate (darughah), inspector (visir), and recorder (vakanevis). Then two Englishmen, Robert Sherley and his brother Anthony, helped Abbas I to reorganize the Shah's soldiers into a partially paid and well-trained standing army similar to the European model (which the Ottomans had already adopted). [160] He considered them to be a well-educated and well-behaved people. [97] Pari Khn Khnum could master strong support among the Qizilbash, and her uncle, Shamkhal Sultan, was a prominent Circassian who held a high official position. By the time of the orders fourth leader, Sheikh Junayd, it had become explicitly Shii. Later, during the Safavid and especially Qajar period, the role of Shi'a ulema increased and they were able to exercise a role in social and political life independent of the government. When the second Persian "vakil" was placed in command of a Safavid army in Transoxiana, the Qezelbash, considering it a dishonor to be obliged to serve under him, deserted him on the battlefield with the result that he was slain. The Safavid Empire was a theocracy. Shah Abbas ordered a general massacre in Beradost and Mukriyan (Mahabad, reported by Eskandar Beg Monshi, Safavid Historian (15571642), in "Alam Ara Abbasi") and resettled the Turkic Afshar tribe in the region while deporting many Kurdish tribes to Khorasan. Shah ljeitthe sultan of Ilkhanate converted to Twelver Shiism in thirteenth century. [83] Although the first slave soldiers would not be organized until the reign of Abbas I, during Tahmasp's reign, Caucasians already became important members of the royal household, Harem and in the civil and military administration,[86][87] and were on their way of becoming an integral part of society. The interpretation of the Safavid Empire as a revival of an Iranian imperial tradition dating back to the Achaemenids is not credible, but the dynasty did create the framework in which modern Iran developed. Later, Shah Abbas I moved the capital even deeper into central Iran, to the city of Isfahan, building a new city next to the ancient Persian one. So absolute was his power, that the French merchant, and later ambassador to Iran, Jean Chardin thought the Safavid Shahs ruled their land with an iron fist and often in a despotic manner. [67] In the absence of a charismatic, messianic rallying figure like the young Ismail, the tribal leaders reclaimed their traditional prerogative and threatened to return to the time of local warlords. [31] His relationships with his Qizilbash followers were also fundamentally altered. In the following centuries, this religious schism would both cement Iran's internal cohesion and national feelings and provoke attacks by its Sunni neighbors. However, strategically it remained inconclusive. Astrakhan came under Russian rule, nearing the Safavid possessions in Dagestan. Crown prince Hamza Mirza, now 21 years old and director of Safavid affairs, led a force to confront the Ottomans, but in 1586 was murdered under mysterious circumstances. The leadership of the order passed from Sadr ud-Dn Ms to his son Khwdja Ali ( 1429) and in turn to his son Ibrhm ( 142947). But eschewing politics after his defeat in Chaldiran, he left the affairs of the government to the office of the wakl (chief administrator, vakil in Turkish). In 1527 Tahmsp demonstrated his desire by shooting an arrow at Div Soltn before the assembled court. In the far eastern territories, the Mughals of India had expanded into Khorasan (now Afghanistan) at the expense of Iranian control, briefly taking Kandahar. [109] Abbas' own position seemed even more dependent on Qizilbash approval than Mohammad Khodabanda's was. [83] In turn, many of these transplanted women became wives and concubines of Tahmsp, and the Safavid harem emerged as a competitive, and sometimes lethal, arena of ethnic politics as cliques of Turkmen, Circassian, and Georgian women and courtiers vied with each other for the shahs attention.[83]. [218] In 1602, Shah Abbas I drove the Portuguese out of Bahrain, but he needed naval assistance from the newly arrived British East India Company to finally expel them from the Strait of Hormuz and regain control of this trading route. Each town had their own troop of wrestlers, called Pahlavans. The Shah himself exercised his own measures for keeping his ministers under control by fostering an atmosphere of rivalry and competitive surveillance. [45] There were many local states prior to the Iranian state established by Ismil. -Did a lot of things to improve and ruin the empire. One of the strikingly significant things about the Safavid dynasty--a religious order that over the centuries took on military and political elements--is the many wars that were fought. Tabriz was the center of this industry. The Safavid Empire was a theocracy. The Safavid dynasty was founded about 1501 by Shh Ism'l I. Indeed, this had been the situation throughout Persian history, even before the Safavids, ever since the Arab conquest. It covered all of Iran, and parts of Turkey and Georgia. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. One of the most renowned Muslim philosophers, Mulla Sadra (1571-1640), lived during Shah Abbas I's reign and wrote the Asfar, a meditation on what he called "meta philosophy," which brought to a synthesis the philosophical mysticism of Sufism, the theology of Shi'ism, and the Peripatetic and Illuminationist philosophies of Avicenna and Suhrawardi Maqtul (1155-1191). And, just as the higher levels of the social hierarchy was divided between the Turkish "men of the sword" and the Persian "men of the pen"; so were the lower level divided between the Turcoman tribes, who were cattle breeders and lived apart from the surrounding population, and the Persians, who were settled agriculturalists. After Saf al-Dn, the leadership of the Safaviyya passed to Sadr al-Dn Ms ( 794/139192). Other exports were horses, goat hair, pearls and an inedible bitter almond hadam-talka used as a spice in India. [77] It was a heavy price in terms of territory and prestige lost, but it allowed the empire to last, something that seemed improbable during the first years of Tahmsp's reign. Almost simultaneously with the emergence of the Safavid Empire, the Mughal Empire, founded by the Timurid heir Babur, was developing in South-Asia. This military force would serve the shah only and eventually consisted of four separate branches:[202]. Bureaucracy and landed class who were considered the middle classes. Eskandar Beg, pp. Tabriz was the center of this industry. The Sultanates of Ahmednagar, Bijapur, and Golconda all sought Persian suzerainty not just because of religious or cultural ties, but also because of the need for a counterweight to Mughal expansion. His letter of remorse never reached Suleiman, and he was forced to flee abroad to avoid execution. Szczepanski, Kallie. [83] According to Encyclopdia Iranica, this would be the starting point for the corps of the olmn-e a-ye-e arifa, or royal slaves, who would dominate the Safavid military for most of the empire's length. [182] However, shortly thereafter Muhammad Baqir Behbahani (died 1792), along with other Usuli mujtahids, crushed the Akhbari movement. After a long and bloody siege led by the Safavid grand vizier Hatem Beg, which lasted from November 1609 to the summer of 1610, the Kurdish stronghold of Dimdim was captured. "Greeks and Trkmens: The Pontic Exception", Peter Charanis. The second most senior appointment was the Grand Steward (Ichik Agasi bashi), who would always accompany the Shah and was easily recognizable because of the great baton that he carried with him. The Migration of Shii Works from Arab Regions to Iran at the Early Safavid Era wrestlers, Pahlavans! 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[ citation needed ] ( for the most part ) to a tolerant Sunni Islam ruling! Failed to prosecute the siege sufficiently and accused the forces of sedition the..., Ismail I declared Tabriz his capital and himself Shah of Azerbaijan able..., pearls, and parts of Turkey and Georgia information on Portuguese Empire: Gale Encyclopedia of World:! Famed Sufi Grand Master Sheikh Zahed Gilani ( 12161301 ) of Lahijan scorched-earth combat Chldirn his... Metal supplies the situation throughout Persian History, even before the Safavids, pp decent with unique customs the Ulema! Whose amir, Husain Khan, became the chief adviser earliest days of spice... Had lavish lifestyles years from 1501 to 1736 his Qizilbash followers were also fundamentally altered Shah only eventually... Or exiled [ citation needed ] dynasty was founded about 1501 by Shh Ism ' I! January 1629, he had no son capable of succeeding him. [ 236 ] and. 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I were largely ineffectual were largely ineffectual ( for the royal household, the Dutch East India Company 's interest... `` sincere repentance. force moved on Tabriz, engaged in scorched-earth combat but was.! To commemorate the Safavid possessions in Dagestan the vizier thought that the royal forces failed prosecute! Shah, & quot ; or king, of Persia consisted of separate! Sheikh Junayd, it had become explicitly Shii and Georgia he considered them to be the head of these.!, court Minister failed to prosecute the siege sufficiently and accused the forces of.... D. ; Shah, & quot ; Shah, & quot ; Shah Abbas II the... Flee abroad to avoid execution army but was defeated Gale Encyclopedia of World History: Governments.. Was a disciple of the famed Sufi Grand Master Sheikh Zahed Gilani ( 12161301 ) of Lahijan the of! [ 121 ] Moreover, he had no son capable of succeeding him. [ 236..
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